In volleyball, referees communicate almost everything through standardized hand signals. These gestures are internationally recognized and help players, coaches, and spectators understand what’s happening, all without saying a word. But what do all these gestures actually mean?

In this article, we explain the most common volleyball referee signals so you’ll never be left guessing during a match again.

⚠️ Please note: These are the general international signals as used in official indoor volleyball matches. Specific interpretations or usage may vary by country, federation, or even league level. Always check your local competition guidelines or speak to your referee coordinator if you’re unsure.

Point awarded

When a team wins the rally, the first referee extends one arm toward that team. This happens after indicating the type of fault or outcome that led to the point.

Ball in

If the ball lands inside the court or touches the lines, the referee points straight down with an open hand — signaling that the ball was “in.”

Ball out

If the ball lands completely outside the court lines or touches the antenna, pole, or another illegal object, the referee raises both arms straight up with palms facing forward to signal “out.”

Net fault

If a player touches the net between the antennas while the ball is in play, the referee points to the net and then to the player or team responsible.

Double contact

A player who illegally touches the ball twice in succession (without a block) commits a double contact. The referee raises two fingers to indicate this.

Four hits

If a team uses more than three contacts (excluding a block), the referee raises four fingers to indicate the violation.

Lift or carry

When the ball isn’t cleanly hit — such as when it rests or rolls on the hands — the referee makes an upward scooping motion with one hand (palm facing up).

Reaching over the net

If a player interferes by reaching over the net or playing the ball too early, the referee holds a flat hand above the net with the palm down.

Center line violation

When a player’s foot or body crosses under the net and onto the opponent’s side, the referee points to the ground or the center line on the side of the violation. This type of fault often relates to safety and interference.

Blocking fault

If a player commits a blocking violation (e.g., blocking a serve or interfering over the net), the referee raises both arms straight up with palms facing forward.

Rotational fault or wrong server

If a team serves out of order or violates rotational rules, the referee signals this by making a circular motion in the air with one finger.

Replay or double fault

If both teams commit simultaneous faults or the rally is interrupted (e.g., due to an external whistle), the referee signals a replay with two thumbs up.

Misconduct or delays

Referees may also use colored cards and specific gestures to manage behavior:

🟨 Yellow card: formal warning
🟥 Red card: penalty (point + serve awarded to the opponent)
🟨🟥 Yellow + red together: expulsion for the remainder of the set

These cards are shown vertically in front of the referee’s chest or toward the team bench.

End of set or match

At the conclusion of a set or match, the referee crosses both forearms in front of their chest to indicate completion.

Why learn these signals?

Knowing the official hand signals helps you:

✅ Understand referees faster during a match
✅ Coach your team with more clarity
✅ Communicate respectfully and accurately with officials

Whether you’re a player, coach, or spectator: a basic understanding of these signals makes watching and playing volleyball clearer and more enjoyable.

Referee hand signals in volleyball: what do they mean?